Pneumonia Overview: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Young female patient in the clinic suffered from pneumonia, she is coughing the doctor listens to the wheezing in the lungs with a stethoscope.

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection that can make it hard to breathe. It happens when germs, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, enter the lungs. As a result, the air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid or pus. This can cause coughing, fever, and trouble breathing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pneumonia is a leading cause of illness worldwide. Anyone can get pneumonia, but it is more serious for young children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems.

Common Symptoms of Pneumonia

Pneumonia symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Often, symptoms depend on your age and overall health. For example, pneumonia symptoms in adults may look different than in children. However, some signs are common in most cases. If you notice these symptoms, you should seek medical advice:

  • Cough, sometimes with mucus or phlegm
  • Fever, chills, or sweating
  • Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
  • Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply or coughing
  • Feeling very tired or weak
  • Loss of appetite

    • In some cases, people may also have nausea, vomiting, or confusion, especially older adults. Because symptoms can be similar to other illnesses, it is important to get checked by a doctor.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    Pneumonia can be caused by different germs. Most often, bacteria and viruses are the main causes. Sometimes, fungi can also lead to pneumonia, especially in people with weak immune systems. Here are some common lung infection causes:

  • Bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Viruses, like influenza or COVID-19
  • Fungi, especially in people with chronic health problems

    • Some people have a higher risk of getting pneumonia. For instance, risk factors include:

  • Being under age 5 or over age 65
  • Having chronic diseases, such as asthma or diabetes
  • Smoking or heavy alcohol use
  • Weakened immune system
  • Recent cold or flu

    • Because these factors can increase your risk, it is important to take extra care if you fall into any of these groups.

    How Pneumonia is Diagnosed

    Doctors use several steps to diagnose pneumonia. First, they will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope. If they suspect pneumonia, they may order tests. For example, common tests include:

  • Chest X-ray to look for infection in the lungs
  • Blood tests to check for infection
  • Sputum test to find out which germ is causing the illness
  • Pulse oximetry to measure oxygen levels in your blood

    • Because early diagnosis helps with better treatment, you should see a doctor if you have symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends prompt medical care for anyone with trouble breathing or chest pain.

    Treatment Options

    Pneumonia treatment depends on the cause and how severe the illness is. Most people can recover at home with rest and medicine. However, some may need hospital care. Treatment options include:

  • Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
  • Antiviral medicine for some viral pneumonia cases
  • Fever reducers and pain relievers
  • Drinking plenty of fluids
  • Rest to help your body heal

    • In severe cases, oxygen therapy or hospital care may be needed. Because pneumonia can get worse quickly, always follow your doctor’s advice. Never stop medicine early, even if you feel better.

    Prevention Tips and Lifestyle Guidance

    There are many ways to lower your risk of pneumonia. For example, you can:

  • Get vaccinated against flu, COVID-19, and pneumonia
  • Wash your hands often to stop the spread of germs
  • Avoid smoking, as it damages your lungs
  • Eat a healthy diet and stay active
  • Manage chronic health problems, such as asthma or diabetes
  • Stay away from people who are sick, if possible

    • Because prevention is better than cure, these steps can help protect you and your family. The CDC and WHO both recommend vaccines and healthy habits to prevent pneumonia.

    Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice about pneumonia.

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